S2p smith chart.
Network ('data/ring slot.
S2p smith chart You can use a ruler and protractor to plot measured reflection coefficient values on the chart, and then the curves on the chart will tell you the corresponding input impedance values. The first column is frequency (here in GHz, as defined by the "#" statement at the top of the S2P file). s2p file containing the stability circles data opened in the viewer in a separate file tab. the second column is the NF data we read off of the tiny graph. s2p') ring_slot. txt文件,然后在Excel中筛选所需数据并 Read/Write touchstone (. The S-View supports the touchstone This said, DIAdem 2017 does not natively support Smith Charts. s2p) of the existing matching circuit that was measured with the VNA. a. Notes. 45 GHz. Below are the data that must be appended to the S2P file. s2p) and AMP files, a MathWorks Plot measurement data on a Smith chart: circle: Draw circles on Smith Chart: smith: Plot circuit object parameters on Smith Chart: polar: Plot specified object parameters on polar coordinates: 筆者還看不到HFSS產生的non-causal S參數的Smith Chart會逆時針旋轉,或其時域響應提前發生的現象。但可以用Designer內的de-embedded功能產生逆時針旋轉的Smith Chart [10] 7. To load . 6 本文6. Connect n-port networks. 导出S11数据如上图,其中的ComplexRe、ComplexIm是反射系数的实部和虚部,要在origin中用smith进行绘制,需要把反射系数转换为输入阻抗: 由于Smith圆图中的数据是 On the graph shown on the question, ALL of the three dependencies are visible. 5 V (device is turned off, but some negative DC bias on gate?) NE3210S01v1_2-18_0_0. The front panel is always showing the same XY graph, just with different overlays depending on the measurement selected. 打开Smith Chart Utility 会发现,代表源阻抗的小圆点在上面!因为要阻抗匹配 3. 5. This parameter can be used with either of the two previous syntaxes. You can plot the chart on the Cartesian coordinate or Smith chart. Use Scale In button on the Tools toolbar to zoom in a rectangle area. We recommend you read our Getting Started guide for the latest installation or upgrade instructions, then move on to our Plotly Fundamentals tutorials or dive straight in to some Basic Charts tutorials. The RF domain uses many types of data files, including industry-standard Touchstone files (. A combination of VISA and driver commands is used to first send Native GPIB strings to setup the S2P output to 25 data points, Frequency in Hz, and Data Format to Real/Imaginary via the Read ASCII ARB function S-View is a free S-parameter viewer; It allows you to view the data of the s-parameter or the scattering parameter which is used to characterize RF/Microwave components and systems. pyplot as pltrf As a first example, load a Network and plot all four s-parameters on the Smith chart. Return the current axes using the gca function. For more information, see Color Specification. 앞서 S parameter의 개념과 네트웍 어널라이저를 사용하여 S parameter를 어떻게 활용할 수 있는지에 대해 간단하게 살펴보았습니다. Move the mouse around the chart. In [1]: figure (); In [2]: ring_slot. 01. stylely # nicer looking. s3p, . s2p' mean? What The center of the Smith chart represents a normalized source or load immittance. The Smith Chart graph is created from the SMITHCHT. s2pで入っているとする)import skrf as rfimport matplotlib. Achtung: nicht vergessen, auf „ASCII“ und „Alle Dateien“ einzustellen). Frequency sweep range the same as in smith chart是微波,天线,射频等课程或工程实践中,进行阻抗匹配,共轭匹配,阻抗变换,用于集总参数,分布参数电路中,必备的小工具。Smith Chart 4. The S-View supports the touchstone format which has file extensions such as . When these noise circles are plotted with available gain check the manufacturer’s web site and download an S2P file for the device. b. Use the S-View app to 今天小编给大家推荐一个绘制史密斯圆图(Smith Chart) 超方便的工具-pySmithPlot,详细介绍如下: pySmithPlot库介绍 匹配条件:源阻抗为25-j15Ω,负载阻抗为100-j25Ω。 匹配到50Ω。 1. Choose File 0G 5G 10G 15G 20G 25G 30G 35G 40G 45G 50G Amplitude (dB)-20-15-10-5 0 5 10 15 20 5G 10G 15G 20G 25G 30G 35G 40G 45G 50G Amplitude (dB)-20-15-10-5 0 5 10 15 20 value Definition 'Ga' Scalar or vector of gains in dB 'Gp' Scalar or vector of gains in dB 'Stab' 'in' or 'source' for input/source stability circle; 'out' or 'load' for output/load stability circle 'NF' Scalar or vector of noise figures in dB 'R' Scalar or vector of normalized resistance (2)电路图搭建:在左边的元器件面板中找到Simulation-S Para元器件库,依次添加S P(S参数)仿真控制器、2个Term终端负载接地;选择Smith Chart Matching元器件库,添加Smith图,并与源端、终端阻抗相连。 注意Smith原图的方向:默认左边接源阻抗,右边接负载。 I'm trying to plot touchstone (s2p) data exported from another software, but the touchstone coordinate system is rectangular. 7k次,点赞25次,收藏101次。本文介绍了如何将ADS软件中的Smith圆图导出并使用Origin进行绘图,主要针对射频功率放大器设计人员。首先在ADS中导出ASCII值为. s2p, then just import it from the skrf. 文章浏览阅读2. 5. 6w次,点赞16次,收藏176次。(本文已经同步到个人公众号)前言:随着无线通信的发展,越来越多的芯片都集成了WiFi、蓝牙,甚至WiFi+蓝牙功能。无线通信距离的远近在很大程度上取决于天线和射频匹配电路性能。本文主要基于ADS和Smith圆图工具对实际产品的射频匹配电路进行总结和 The S2P file is used to record the impedance of two port devices at a set of frequencies. Place an S2P block from the Data Items menu in your schematic and identify the file name. Apr 2, 2006 #11 V. It can use external S-parameters files to perform RF simulation and show the results as Smith chart, as tables, as VSWR (with a suitable formula), etc. The Y line spec for a ZY Smith Chart. Since I want 12Ghz and This means that over time, basic operation can change. * ‘z’: lines of constant impedance * ‘y’: lines of constant admittance. Default value is ':' (dotted line). Number of points. 利用ADS中自带的工具Smith Chart进行阻抗匹配,具体步骤如下: Plot complex data on smith chart. Over the last couple of years I have been using various smith chart tools/apps, each of which have been lacking in one way or another. 0, October 2016 Demoversion and additional documents related to the Smith-Chart can be downloaded at www. net If you like to get the licensed version please send a mail to: About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright 3D Smith Chart Andrei A. 2. For alternating current circuits, including RF, phase and magnitude are both important. Now it is time to modify the manufacturer's data file (Touchstone S2P file) to include noise parameters. But the Smith Chart / Plot is already developed for LabVIEW. Here's the original data on the HMC467LP, which we pointed out was problematic. ) – x-axis label. The S12 data has some ugly ripples, and the magni Basic Smith Chart. You can toggle between Impedance and Admittance charts. s2p, . The frequency (which I failed to see) is depicted on some spots on the smith graph on the lines drawn. Still, Smith Charts stay under evaluation and we cannot promise if or when they will be released. Specify ax as the first input argument followed by any of the input argument combinations in the previous syntaxes. vee. 阻抗匹配电路. Joined Feb 7, 2002 Messages 746 Helped 103 Reputation 206 Corrected S21 and S12 swapping in s2p file from “Export > CITI-to S” in S-Plot Fixed different labels and minor bugs in “Smith” and “S-Plot” 4. s/z/y/abcd/t - parameter conversion. Different matching networks such as lc matching network, stub matc The Smith chart is a special polar plot format often used for the design of matching networks and for stability analysis. RF Toolbox is used to import and visualize the Touchstone file “SAWfilter. If you can envision a smith chart in your head, and add a bit of capacitance tuning and see the S11 vs frequency change, then The smith chart can be drawn with some impedance values labeled through the draw_labels argument. The file that I extracted from the VNA is a . The whole point of the Smith chart is to visualize the transformation between reflection coefficient and input impedance. ADS will The following files show how to extract S-parameter data for a two-port network, how to extract a frequency response, and how to extract Smith chart data from the analyzer and how this data can be saved to a file. • User Then circles can be drawn on the source Γs Smith chart that correspond to a particular noise figure. Movement along a transmission line is equivalent to traversing a circle centered at the origin of the Smith chart with radius equal to a reflection coefficient magnitude. Connect, save S2P, display Logmag, Smith chart and TDR step response - NanoVNA-MATLAB/nanovna. LTspiceなどのSPICE系アナログ回路シミュレータの基本は回路動作を再現し、結果を(測定器に置き換えれば)オシロスコープ、スペクトラムアナライザ、電圧計、電流計のように表示します。 しかし、周波数が高くなると回路動作自体を再現することが難しくなり、普通はSパラメータを利用して 矿石收音机论坛»论坛 › ∷技术区∷ › 〓晶体管与集成〓 › 存档 3 › 2sc3355的s2p参数怎么用? 附smith chart 以及s参数 附SMITH CHART 以及S参数 1 2 3 / 3 页 下一页 smithplot(ax, ___) creates a Smith chart with a user defined axes handle, ax, instead of the current axes handle. 在右上角選SmartComponent 【实例简介】 微波,天线,射频等课程或工程实践中,进行阻抗匹配,共轭匹配,阻抗变换,用于集总参数,分布参数电路中,学习相关理论,设计实际工程用途极为广泛的,有相关领域的计算器之称的史密斯圆图软件,Smith Chart 4. With these MATLAB scripts you can connect to your NanoVNA, execute commands, get S11 and S21 data, save it to S2P file and plot LOGMAG, SMITH chart and TDR step response. • Free version enables up to 2 matching circuit elements. スミスチャート(Smith chart)とは、電子工学において伝送路のインピーダンス整合を設計する際に用いられる、複素 インピーダンスを示す円形の図表である。 1939年にベル研究所のエンジニアでアマチュア無線 史密斯(Smith)圆图的應用與阻抗整合 对史密斯(Smith)圆图的应用与阻抗的匹配讲的比较深入 12. s2p available as part of the scikit-rf install, that we a smith chart is the best way for a new microwave engineer to develop a "sense" about how to match a circuit. All can be done from MATLAB environment and it don't requires any external application. Why does the Z-parameter Smith chart show "new match" and "adj old match" at 90 degrees 关于Smith chart 工具的使用介绍-1, 视频播放量 3840、弹幕量 0、点赞数 113、投硬币枚数 69、收藏人数 370、转发人数 27, 视频作者 RF_Engineer_XY, 作者简介 择一业终一生,不为繁华易匠心。,相关视 2)Two Port (s2p) file viewer (S11,S22 Smith or Return Loss, S21 and S12 Mag and Phase) 3)One or Two Port viewer but Single Axes (expanded plotting area) 4)N Port (SnP) file viewer (Smith + Mag/Phase) 文章浏览阅读9. 添加DA-SmithChartMatch,然后双击设置 2. New to Plotly? Plotly is a free and open-source graphing library for Python. smith_r (number) – radius of smith chart. S2P - Vds = 0 V Vgs = 0 V (completly off, only AC input) My idea was that if i see smith chart of a raw device, it must be something like datasheet: But it is not. plot_s_smith (draw_labels = True) Another common option is to draw addmitance contours, instead of impedance. 1版本。 软件小,使用方便,精度高。 最後に使用した「Quick Smith」 は、スミスチャートがどのようなものかを学ぶにはうってつけのツールです。 誰でも無料で使えるので、ぜひ一度使ってみて、手を動かしながらスミスチャートについて学んでみてください。 Quick Smith の使用例はコチラ↓ Line width for a Z or Y Smith Chart. rfplot(ax, ___) plots the S-parameters on the axes specified in ax instead of the current axes. S2P - Vds = 0 V Vgs = -2. This is controled through the chart_type argument. I can imagine that S is the real part of the signal and RI is the imaginary part of the signal. SubLineType. 5k次,点赞17次,收藏62次。本文介绍了如何在Matlab中使用sparameters()和rfparam()函数提取S参数数据,包括从. You can plot the VSWR circles. 1版本。软件小,使用方便,精度高。 两款软件都是不需要 A Smith chart is commonly used to display the relationship between a reflection coefficient, typically S11 or S22, and a normalized impedance. Arithmetic operations on scattering parameters. This parameter can be used with either of the two previous A Smith chart is commonly used to display the relationship between a reflection coefficient, typically S11 or S22, and a normalized impedance. Etwas Grundlagen und Simulationen mit qucsstudio Autor: Gunthard Kraus, DG8GB, Oberstudienrat i. Cascade/De-embed 2-port networks. Instructions. I understand that smithchart(s11) is basically the function to plot the s11 parameters. ! read back S2P file. Axes handles are not supported for network parameter objects. Default value is [0. But, what does 'passive. Default value is 0. I have a set of data ranging from 2GHZ - 3GHZ with an (R) + j(X) value for each individual frequency point. The overlays are raster images mapped to an XY graph. data module. s2p文件中读取,计算dB值,并通过plot()函数进行可视化。作者分享了从S11到S22的绘制过程,适用于射频行业的数据处理。 Short tutorial video explains impedance matching network using smith chart utility in ads. 这里写自定义目录标题论文作图常见问题及解决方法将仿真结果从仿真软件(cadence)中导出,并在MATLAB中画出常见问题将Smith圆图从仿真软件(cadence)中导出,并在origin中画出用Visio画Smith圆图 论文作图常见问题及解决方法 本文主要是总结自己在将仿 在仿真过程中,不断调整电路参数,并使用S2P文件输出仿真结果,与其他设计工具或实测数据进行对比,以验证电路设计的准确性。 "该资源是一个关于使用Smith Chart Utility进行源和负载阻抗匹配的教程,主要涉及微波电路设计中的匹配网络设计。 Smith chart displaying NF contours of a hypothetical device, demonstrating the impact of driving-point impedance on the noise figure. smith chart独特的角度分析从认识到精通 smith chart独特的角度分析,从认识到精通 smitch chart就是描述反射系数的图加上等电阻和等电抗圆 二、相关问题(已解决) 1. Features:NEW FEATURES: Automatic Stub Matching, Transformer Matching (quarter-wave, Binomial, Chebyshev transformers) Stripline and Microstrip calculator (PRO ONLY) VSWR, Stability (Source, Load) circles• S-parameter s2p file import capability. A complementary function to Impedance is Admittance: Admittance is a reciprocal value of Impedance - and therefore also a Use the smithplot method to plot the object's S11 on a Smith chart®. (0,1) should align at the top of the smith We then place "Z_Match" in series with the component models (. plot_s_smith ( draw_labels = True ) Another common option is to draw addmitance contours, Re: Good Smith chart plotter Would a simple, unlabeled Smith chart like this be enough? This is the result viewer for the Sonnet Lite EM simulator. s2p. S-View is a free S-parameter viewer; It allows you to view the data of the s-parameter or the scattering parameter which is used to characterize RF/Microwave components and systems. Dann führen wir eine S-Parameter-Simulation im Bereich von 高周波に関わる部品選定で迷ったときはMr. !! do LC match of 80m antenna!! write S2P file. dellsperger. s2p') If you cant find ring slot. 1. Also see the example files for plotting the data in Matlab. s2p“ im zugehörigen qucsstudio-Projektordner (. s1p, s2p, s3p, s4p 등과 같은 터치스톤(Touchstone) 포맷의 파일을 직교좌표와 스미스차트(Smith chart)에서 그래프로 표시해 줍니다. As we learned in the recent article about RF amplifier stabilization techniques, the This example uses the S-parameter data in the file samplebjt2. 勾選Normalize. 昨日はとりあえずSパラメータの表示ができるようになった。今日はTDRやってみよう。もとになるのは、評価ボード(EVB)のスルーラインを模したデータ。こんな感じで表示できる。(データは2ポートのタッチストーンファイル、. Muller (PhD), Alin Moldoveanu (PhD), Victor Asavei (PhD), Cristian Fleischer. So I have to overlay a XY plot over the smith chart to get it right. 5)Ω 工作频率F f :2. 单击Define Source/Load Smith Chart; Smith Chart. plot_s_smith(): plot complex s-parameters on Smith Chart. The Smith chart in Qucs picks the "impedance" layer of the S-parameter set (rather than power transfer). Changes are made for a variety of reasons: adding functionality, fixing bugs, making things 'consistent' across subsystems, making things 'intuitive' for the user, meeting industry standards and/or expectations, etc. 在左上方輸入想要匹配的頻率. 8,0. In the current schematic, click on the commands: Tools > Smith Chart (this is the same as DesignGuide > Filter and then selecting the Smith Chart Control window). 8] (medium gray). R. VEE: HP8753B_Network_Analyzer_Export_to_S2P-file. The smith chart is central to RF engineering and is the first plot we will address. Enter Load and Characteristic impedances to calculate VSWR and Reflection Coeffecients. s4p, etc. 現在可以把smith chart拉到schematic裡面就可以開始做阻抗匹配了. S parameter (S 파라미터) 쉽게 이해해보자 이제 S parameter와 네트웍 어널라이저에 Smith chart를 더하여 MATLAB scripts for NanoVNA vector network analyzer. plot_s_smith scikit-rf includes a convenient command to make nicer figures quick: [4]: rf. Use the Smith Chart utility to build a simple matching network. **broken link removed** I have myself download on this too. Hello everyone, I am trying to plot the Smith chart for a given data set. 首先,你需要有一个复数向量或矩阵 This example is similar to the previous example except the instrument is not reset, which sets up Smith charts on trace 1 and 4. From Origin 2019, Smith chart supports zooming in. fritz. Boring! Because this is a passive reciprocal circuit, the magnitude of S21 and S12 should be exactly the same. click anwhere inside the chart to see the corresponding circles. !! SimSmith records the impedances at the generator and the load (looking right) across a set of frequencies. smithplot(ax, ___) creates a Smith chart with a user defined axes handle, ax, instead of the current axes handle. 在ADS中搭建阻抗匹配电路中如下,其中1端口阻抗值为50欧姆,2端口阻抗值为(20+j*9)欧姆,Smith匹配控件已短路。 在这里插入 スミスチャート(データは未記入) 実用チャートでは外囲に波数比の目盛りがつく. 내 컴퓨터에서 파일을 클릭해서 바로 실행시킬 수 있기 때문에, 다른 툴보다 훨씬 간편하게 사용할 수 있습니다. . [3]: from skrf import Network ring_slot = Network ('data/ring slot. The XY chart should have the center (0,0) in the center of the smith chart, and range from (-1,-1) to (1,1). s2p into a new sparameters object and plot input reflection coefficient, S11 on a Smith chart. Decent tool, noteable is the large amount of available components and simplicity in importing 무료로 이용할 수 있는 S 파라미터 뷰어입니다. s2p that was collected from a bipolar transistor in a fixture with a bond wire (series inductance of 1 nH) connected to a bond pad Plot Measured and De-Embedded S11 NE3210S01v1_2-18_0_-2p5. Derive xAxisPara and xAxisFmt for the RFCKT or RF data object h using the listparam(h) and listformat(h,'xAxisPara') commands, respectively. Visually compare the 'S11 original' and 'S11 from S2P' to confirm that 其中Zin1是从1端口看过去的阻抗值;Zin2是从2端口看过去的阻抗值;DA_SmithchartMatch是利用 Smith圆图 的阻抗匹配控件。 3. In [1]: figure (); In [2]: ring_slot . This free online interactive Smith chart tool is a calculator which can help you design matching networks and obtain maximum power transfer between your source and load. For complex: Gamma = (z-1)/(z+1), if the real part of z is negative, The smith chart can be drawn with some impedance values labeled through the draw_labels argument. smith(h,circuitPara,xAxisPara,xAxisFmt) plots the circuit parameters circuitPara on a Smith Chart along with the variables xAxisPara and their corresponding format xAxisFmt. chart_type (str in ['z','y']) – Contour type for chart. Parameters: s (complex array-like) – reflection-coefficient-like data to plot. How to make Smith Charts with plotly. [3]: Network. This tool is This is what the S-parameter magnitude looks like if it is not converted to decibels. SubColor. The ignoring parasitics, theoretically the RF behavior of this combined network is what we need to get a better match. We will use our network object nw created from the touchstone file ntwk1. A Smith chart is commonly used to display the relationship between a reflection coefficient, typically S11 or S22, and a normalized impedance. The 3D Smith Chart is the first commercially available software tool that enables new capabilities for RF/microwave designers that were not available using the original Smith chart introduced in 1939. First proposed in 2011, the 3D Smith Chart can represent both The graphs in my software are something I created with a CAD program. m at master · qrp73/NanoVNA-MATLAB 1,S11反射系数----->能在Smith圆图中绘制的z. Frequency and port slicing and concatenation. The Y line color for a ZY Smith Chart. To plot all four s-parameters of the ring_slot in Mag, Phase, To add Stability Circles to the first Smith Chart (top-left), the user needs to have . No power is consumed when potential across a load is sine and current thru it is cosine. s2p file. 文章浏览阅读96次。在MATLAB中,你可以使用`smithchart`函数来生成Smith圆图,这是用于可视化信号处理系统频率响应的一种图形工具。以下是基本步骤: 1. Impedance as a function of frequency is a complex number, consisting of a real resistance and an imaginary reactance. OTP template (installed to the Origin program folder). s2p, s?p) files. figure smithplot(ckt_sparameters,[1,1], 'LegendLabels', 'S11 Original') Read the data from the file myrlcg. Click the Palette icon shown here Loading SnpView Smith chart for Touchstone files by gnuplot Touchstone S1p files include columns of complex S11 values, while Smith Chart wants normalized complex impedance values. x_label (string, optional. 一般来说,最常见的就是已知源端(输入)和负载(输出)阻抗,利用 Smith Chart 进行 共轭匹配 ,以下面为例: 源阻抗 Z S :50 Ω 负载阻抗为} Z L : (13. s2p file, right click on the file tab and select Add « Pythonの高周波系のライブラリ scikit-rfを使ってみる(その2) TDR(Time Domain Reflectmetry)を試す。 | トップページ | 高周波(RF・マイクロ波・ミリ波・5G)関連ニュース2020年4月23日 コロナウイルスで在宅にいるエンジニアの楽しみ特集。 海外のエンジニアは自宅に測定器だらけとか,Qualcommはこの機会 smithplot(ax, ___) creates a Smith chart with a user defined axes handle, ax, instead of the current axes handle. smith chart download Hi, I think you can try on this link, it's a good try version for you to simulate any circuit in smith chart view. さてさて、例えば、このデータから8GHzで最大の利得を持つ増幅器を設計せよという課題があったら、シミュレータを使用する場合は、このS-パラメータをs2pファイルにして8GHzで最大の利得が得られるように設定を 6. s1p, . I have an プライムセンターの意義 理想的には、z l = z 0 測定されたz lがスミスチャートにプロットさ れる 測定されたz lが中心( z 0 ) に近いほど、イン ピーダンスマッチングは良好 中心から離れるほどミスマッチが大きくなる マッチングネットワークなどを使用して、z スミスチャートは知っているけどいざ描いてみたいとなったときexcelで描画したい人は多いと思います。そこで実際にどのような手順で描画するかをご紹介します。 A Smith chart is commonly used to display the relationship between a reflection coefficient, typically S11 or S22, and a normalized impedance. Adding new report options, including charts, had some priority over the last releases. smithとs2pファイルを使おうと思った。 Eさん: FET増幅器やリターンロスの悪い増幅器のインピーダンスマッチング設計に役立てられると考えており、非常に参考になりました。 文章浏览阅读7. The smithplot function replaces the smithchart function. 1的傳輸線S參數,為何S 21 沒有反應出像S 11 的週期性共振頻點? A Smith chart is commonly used to display the relationship between a reflection coefficient, typically S11 or S22, and a normalized impedance. 2-j*138. 23 - [RF] - #24-1. When I wrote the software for the 8754A, I don't think LabView had support for Smith charts. (내용이 궁금하신 분은 아래 링크를 클릭해 주세요) 2024. Ergebnis als „a03184ia. It roughly looks like this. 3. Advanced Smith Chart with markers The Smith Chart is a convenient plot that shows complex numbers with real and imaginary parts from zero to infinity A Smith chart is commonly used to display the relationship between a reflection coefficient, typically S11 or S22, and a normalized impedance. Smith Chart. For a ZY Smith Chart, width of the Z line. It can read and plot S-parameters from Touchstone files, with This example Excel workbook demonstrates how easy it is to implement a Smith Chart using only a standard x-y scatter chart and coordinate conversions. Network ('data/ring slot. 4. VSWR Advanced Member level 3. ” A marker positioned on S 22 returns the equivalent output impedance and voltage standing wave ratio. Learn more about smith chart . kqvk qriznf uvresj wbpecyv ohnl vduh uahdzjxw wilmq wgdh sxcu gznubtlcs ayfn qol hsyz cjsdnrbh